Gwoya jungarai biography of william

Massacre in Northern Territory, Australia

The Coniston massacre, which took place in the region around the Conistoncattle station in the territory of Central Australia (now the Northern Territory) from 14 August to 18 October 1928, was the last known officially sanctioned massacre of Indigenous Australians and one of the last events of the Australian frontier wars.

In a series of punitive expeditions led by Northern Territory Police constable William George Murray, people of the Warlpiri, Anmatyerre, and Kaytetye groups were killed. The massacre occurred in response to the murder of dingo hunter Frederick (Fred) Brooks, killed by Aboriginal people in August 1928 at a place called Yukurru, also known as Brooks Soak. Official records at the time state that at least 31 people were killed, however analysis of existing documentation and Aboriginal oral histories reveal that the fatalities were likely to have been as high as 200.^[1]

Background

Central Australia was Australia's last colonial frontier,^[2] sparsely populated and, by 1928, was facing the fourth year of the harshest drought on record. Parched conditions, though later discounted by authorities as a precipitating factor, were to play a key role in events at Conisto

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Gwoya Tjungurrayi

First named Aboriginal person on an Australian stamp

Gwoya Tjungurrayi (c. 1895 – 28 March 1965), also spelt Gwoja Tjungarrayi, Gwoya Jungarai, and Gwoya Djungarai, and also known by his nickname One Pound Jimmy, is known for being the first Aboriginal person to be featured on an Australian postage stamp, in 1950, although his name was not used to describe the image on the stamp. A survivor of the 1928 Coniston massacre in the Northern Territory, he later became an elder and lawman of his people. The name Gwoya, is a non-Indigenous rendering of the Anmatyerr word 'Kwatye', meaning 'water' or 'rain'.

The electoral division of Gwoja was named after him.

Biography

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Tjungurrayi was born around 1895^[1] in the Tanami Desert of the Northern Territory, 200 km (120 mi) north-west of Alice Springs, in the region surrounding Coniston Station.^[2] He was a Walpiri and Anmatyerre man.^[3][1]

As pastoralism expanded in the region during the early 1900s, encroaching further into Tjungurrayi's ancestral country, tensions intensified during the drought of the 1920s, with increasing competition over water and food.^[4] He survived the Coniston Massacre in the then Territory of Central