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Articles
Creating Indian Entrepreneurs: Menominees, Neopit Mills, and Timber Exploitation, 1890-1915
Historians who concentrate on studying Native Americans at the turn of the twentieth century have devoted much of their energy to analyzing the impact of the Dawes Act on Indian societies. The act, which mandated the dissolution of reservations, was without question the era's dominant policy initiative. Its primary intention, so its supporters claimed, was to dismantle supposedly archaic tribal bonds by apportioning reservation lands among the tribal population and encouraging Indians, by force if necessary, to become independent farmers, latter-day versions of Jefferson's yeoman farmers. Indeed, those who supported and administered the Dawes Act assumed that, within a few years, Indians would become self-supporting market agriculturalists. This process was supposed to instill in the Indian the notion of private property, stimulate the supposedly innate human desire to accumulate wealth and possessions, and finally lead to complete assimilation of natives into mainstream American society. Yet, while the principal thrust of policy during this period emphasized the creation of a self-sufficient Indian yeomanry, its application proved less than uniform. In fact, on the frin
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Native American religions
Systems of faith and worship of the Native Americans
For native religions elsewhere, see Indigenous religions.
Native American religions,Native American faith or American Indian religions are the indigenous spiritual practices of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Ceremonial ways can vary widely and are based on the differing histories and beliefs of individual nations, tribes and bands. Early European explorers describe individual Native American tribes and even small bands as each having their own religious practices. Theology may be monotheistic, polytheistic, henotheistic, animistic, shamanistic, pantheistic or any combination thereof, among others.[14] Traditional beliefs are usually passed down in the oral tradition forms of myths, oral histories, stories, allegories, and principles. Nowadays, as scholars note, many American Natives are having a renewed interest in their own traditions.
Overview
[edit]Areas of the Native Americans in the pre-Columbian era in North America (top) and Mesoamerica and South America (in Spanish) (bottom)
Native American religions were prevalent in the pre-Columbian era, including state religions. Common concept is the supernatural world of deities, spirits and wonders, such as